viernes, 16 de noviembre de 2007

Clusters Económicos; unión para el éxito



En la actualidad la configuración del desarrollo económico actual, caracterizado por una gran paradoja entre las fuerzas globales y la economía nacional en sus ámbitos regionales y locales, se ha convertido en espacios dominantes de la nueva geografía economía mundial, surgiendo así un concepto que ha cobrado mucha fuerza, como lo es el complejo productivo o conglomerado, o mas conocido como Cluster económico el cual se popularizó por los trabajos y recomendaciones de política de Michael Porter, de la universidad de Harvard.

Michael Porter (1990), dice que "los clusters son concentraciones geográficas de empresas e instituciones interconectadas que actúan en determinado campo.”

Según las investigaciones y el pensamiento de Michael Porter (Harvard 1990), la manera de incrementar los estándares de vida de los ciudadanos de un país es ser competitivo en el nivel internacional: ser capaz de emplear los recursos del país, especialmente los del trabajo, para aumentar los ingresos reales, por la capacidad de producir y comercializar sus bienes y servicios en el mercado mundial.

Las respuestas que surgen de distintas investigaciones, principalmente las realizadas por Porter, son que las empresas más productivas y más exitosas internacionalmente se agrupan en espacios geográficos reducidos y determinados, y constituyen una articulación o agrupación de empresas, llamada cluster o, en español, "aglomerado o conglomerado productivo".

Un cluster económico está conformado por un grupo de productores e instituciones interconectadas, asociadas en un campo particular, geográficamente próximas, unidas por prácticas comunes y
complementarias. Aplicar el concepto de cluster resulta fundamental para buscar potencializar las condiciones positivas o del clima de negocios de una región, con lo que se genera grandes posibilidades a sus empresas para reducir costos, atraer inversiones, y acceder a nuevas tecnologías y mercados, lo que a su vez genera nuevos trabajos, mejora los salarios y aumenta la calidad de vida de sus habitantes.
El concepto de cluster se opone al de industria o empresa aislada y se integra básicamente con un grupo de empresas rivales de igual rubro, y fuertemente competidoras localmente (proveedores de bienes, organizaciones de servicios múltiples, instituciones financieras, compañías de logística e infraestructura, gobiernos e instituciones públicas relacionadas, universidades, centros de investigación y capacitación, asociaciones empresariales y otras organizaciones de la sociedad civil).

Finalmente, muchos clusters incluyen organismos gubernamentales y otras instituciones universidades, agencias encargadas de fijar normas, centros de estudio, proveedores de capacitación y asociaciones de comercio- que proveen entrenamiento, educación, información, investigación y apoyo técnico". Los clusters alientan la competencia y la cooperación y el vínculo informal entre las empresas y las instituciones representa una forma de organización sólida, que ofrece ventajas en términos de eficiencia, eficacia y flexibilidad.


Otra definición de un cluster económico según The Cluster Competitiveness Group (2002) sintetiza la visión generalizada
de este concepto, entendiéndose comúnmente por complejo productivo, una concentración sectorial y/o geográfica de empresas que se desempeñan en las mismas actividades o en actividades estrechamente relacionadas, con importantes y acumulativas economías externas, de aglomeración y especialización (por la presencia de productores, proveedores y mano de obra especializada y de servicios conexos específicos al sector) y con la posibilidad de llevar a cabo una acción conjunta en la búsqueda de eficiencia colectiva. Todo esto en un radio no superior a los 30 km.

La definición de complejos productivos dependerá de las condiciones bajo las cuales comparta y compita el grupo de empresas que lo conforman. La ubicación aportará una serie de elementos únicos que no se pueden generalizar con el objetivo de incluirlos en una definición universal.

Los complejos productivos traen grandes ganancias de productividad al conjunto de industrias y establecimientos conexos. Tales ganancias se internalizan al nivel de la industria, pero continúan siendo externalidades para las firmas que las aprovechan. La fuente de tales ganancias de productividad son las economías de escala, las cuales se alcanzan, entre otros factores, mediante los costos fijos y las indivisibilidades, los cuales son distribuidos entre el conjunto de empresas. Las indivisibilidades se refieren a los costos fijos caracterizados por ser objetos o servicios que no se pueden dividir en elementos más pequeños, tales como los factores tecnológicos o físicos.


Con respecto a la política de apoyo a las pequeñas empresas, Rustam Lalkaka (1998), consejero de las Naciones Unidas, relieva la importancia de hacerlo a través de clusters, los cuales constituyen el objeto o campo de trabajo de los programas de apoyo. Entiende estos clusters como "la agrupación espontánea ( a veces deliberada) de grupos de empresarios en espacios geográficos cercanos, con el propósito de acometer esfuerzos colectivos para elevar y mantener la competitividad. Las pequeñas empresas se benefician de las economías externas locales y la especialización flexible. Se benefician, además, por los centros de servicios, privados y públicos, de diseño, calidad, consultoría, crédito, mercadeo y otras necesidades colectivas.



Bibliografía:

http://www.sica.gov.ec/agronegocios/biblioteca/Ing%20Rizzo/azucar/cluster.htm

http://www.lanacion.com.ar/528917

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