viernes, 16 de noviembre de 2007

La Industria del Salmón en Chile


El salmón, un pez originario de los mares del norte, llegó a Chile para quedarse. Su explotación a escala industrial en las regiones australes del sur del país ha transformado en forma irreversible el apacible paisaje ribereño de los lagos de la X región, y los mares interiores de la isla grande de Chiloé al tiempo que su expansión continúa hacia el sur. Sus efectos se han hecho sentir en la estructura productiva, el mercado de trabajo, y el capital humano de la zona. La implantación de la industria salmonera en Chile es una experiencia digna de estudio por la importancia económica que reviste dicha actividad, por la rapidez del ciclo de aprendizaje de un proceso de producción acuícola masivo que no existía en el país, por la forma en que se integra a la globalización y porque se desarrolla desde sus inicios como un sistema productivo integrado al territorio. La salmonicultura, tal como se ha implantado en la X región de Chile, constituye lo que la literatura especializada denomina un cluster, una aglomeración de empresas con ciertas ventajas competitivas.

La aparición del cultivo industrial del salmón en Chile no es un caso aislado sino que se inscribe en la dinámica mundial de incremento de la producción acuícola que se constituye en el sector productor de alimentos de mayor crecimiento en el mundo. La expansión de la acuicultura se explica por los límites que encuentran las capturas pesqueras, por los cambios en las preferencias del consumidor hacia carnes blancas y también por el menor precio que han alcanzado los productos acuícolas. El salmón de cultivo desplazó hace años al salmón silvestre cuyas capturas se mantienen estables mientras que la producción mundial de salmón se incrementó unas 70 veces en los últimos 20 años.

La experiencia descrita forma parte de un proceso de reconversión exportadora de largo plazo. En un período relativamente corto, que se inicia a fines de la década de 1970, Chile pasó de una economía mixta mono-exportadora orientada a un reducido mercado interno a una economía abierta basada en la explotación de recursos naturales. Al tradicional producto de exportación, el cobre, se agregaron la celulosa, la fruta y la harina de pescado. Los nuevos cultivos, las plantaciones forestales y frutícolas, cambiaron el sector agrícola. Hubo que modernizar los puertos y mejorar la red caminera para sacar los productos a los mercados foráneos. La introducción del salmón de cultivo vino a sumarse, aunque más tarde, a estos cambios. Las plataformas de cultivo en lagos y mares interiores introdujeron en el mar, en lagos y bordes costeros una faceta propia de la agricultura: siembras, ciclos de engorda, cosechas. Se intensificó el tránsito por mar y tierra entre las pisciculturas, los centros de cultivo, las plantas de faenamiento y los puertos. A su vez la instalación de plantas de proceso llevó la lógica industrial a los otrora apacibles pueblos ribereños.

Los habitantes de la región abandonaron parcialmente las tareas agrícolas y comenzaron a acudir a las empresas salmoneras en busca de empleo. Durante los primeros años el empleo era estacional y los salarios no eran muy abundantes pero llevaron a las familias una liquidez monetaria sin precedentes. Se creó así un mercado de trabajo que atrajo mano de obra residente. La expansión de la industria comenzó a tener dificultades de reclutamiento cuya solución estuvo en ir a buscar trabajadores a localidades cada vez mas alejadas.

El surgimiento de una actividad económica en un determinado territorio sin tradición industrial es un hecho histórico que presenta un interés tecnológico, económico, sociológico y cultural.

El mérito principal de este cluster es haber introducido una especie foránea a la Región, lograr una producción industrial en gran escala y llegar a constituirse como el segundo productor mundial.

En el cluster del Salmón de la X Región, basado en ventajas naturales, se aplica en parte la tesis de Porter (1998), quien indica que la globalización empuja a este tipo de cluster a reforzar sus ventajas competitivas a través de la innovación. La presión innovadora se origina en una fuerte competencia internacional por reducir costos de producción, donde la clave está en optimizar escalas y tecnologías de proceso y acelerar el ciclo de vida del producto. También se manifiesta en el desarrollo de productos nuevos en un mercado que se expande en la medida que van diferenciando segmentos de demanda y continúa la expansión en los mercados americanos y emergentes. Si bien las tecnologías utilizadas son de origen foráneo existe un proceso de innovación local para adecuarlas a los requerimientos específicos. Se trata de un proceso de adaptación continua que termina por forjar un know how que va más allá de las capacidades propias de una ingeniería de producción tradicional. La industria del salmón demuestra que Chile posee equipos humanos capaces de manejar sistemas de innovación complejos y dinámicos.

Un trabajo conjunto entre la Corfo, las salmoneras e industrias relacionadas con el sector ha permitido que la industria del salmón en las regiones de Los Lagos y Aysén sea uno de los Clusters que más ha brillado en los últimos años, tanto en Chile como por sus exportaciones.
Actualmente esta industria representa cerca del 80% de las exportaciones de la Décima Región, el 5% de los envíos nacionales y trabajan en ella 45 mil personas entre empleados directos e indirectos. Asimismo, hay más de 200 empresas proveedoras, de las cuales un 70% está establecido en esta zona. Durante el año 2006 la industria salmonera tuvo retornos por 1.200 millones de dólares, y se ubicó como el cuarto sector exportador chileno.







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